{"id":835,"date":"2022-01-14T13:54:26","date_gmt":"2022-01-14T06:54:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/about\/"},"modified":"2022-05-02T20:49:40","modified_gmt":"2022-05-02T13:49:40","slug":"about","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/about\/?lang=en","title":{"rendered":"About"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"835\" class=\"elementor elementor-835 elementor-17\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-498907d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"498907d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3dd6b6\" data-id=\"e3dd6b6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e9e0cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9e9e0cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5cd1784 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5cd1784\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e93c8b3\" data-id=\"e93c8b3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-071453e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"071453e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.5 - 03-02-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Background<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7598ac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7598ac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.5 - 03-02-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><em>Published in France <\/em>in1854 AD, the <em>Dictionarium Linguae Thai<\/em> is the oldest published Thai dictionary. Its Thai contents, compiled by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix during his first stay in Siam from 1828-1854 A, are translated into Latin, French, and English. Prior to its creation, aside from a Latin to Thai dictionary compiled as well by Pallegoix and printed by the Assumption publishing house in 1851, no work had yet been published.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36e6aa4\" data-id=\"36e6aa4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc82f81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fc82f81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.5.5 - 03-02-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2125\" height=\"1810\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1.png 2125w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1-1024x872.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1-768x654.png 768w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1-1536x1308.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_1-2048x1744.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2125px) 100vw, 2125px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u0e1e\u0e08\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e08\u0e30\u0e19\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1eac7fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1eac7fd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4298572\" data-id=\"4298572\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eb6027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3eb6027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1840\" height=\"1304\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about.png 1840w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about-768x544.png 768w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-about-1536x1089.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1840px) 100vw, 1840px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u0e1e\u0e08\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e08\u0e30\u0e19\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec87fd2\" data-id=\"ec87fd2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8866df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8866df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The Dictionarium Linguae Thai<\/em> provides the era\u2019s most complete compilation of Thai vocabulary. Works by Thai thinkers for use in reading and writing literature\u2013such as the different versions of\u00a0<em>Chindamani<\/em>\u00a0as well as\u00a0<em>Kham Ritsadi<\/em>, compiled by the Supreme Patriarch H.R.H. Prince Paramanujitajinorasa\u2013contained only terms found in\u00a0 literary works and did not order entries alphabetically. Of the dictionaries compiled by non-Thais, the oldest is presumably the Thai to Latin and Latin to Thai dictionary of Louis Laneau, compiled during the reign of King Narai. However, no copies of this work survive. John Taylor Jones\u2019 1842 Thai to English dictionary contains no pronunciation guide for Thai words, only giving the Thai spelling and the English definition. Another Thai dictionary, compiled by J. Caswell and J. H. Chandler in 1846, includes the Thai term and its definition, also in Thai, but is not organized in alphabetical order or by category. Furthermore, it does not contain pronunciation information<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4faebb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4faebb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-472b045 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"472b045\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"editor-biography\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-300039d\" data-id=\"300039d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebc601f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ebc601f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pallegoix<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dfa2d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dfa2d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix was born in the Combertault province of France on October 24, 1805. He first entered a seminary at<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: 1rem;\">\u00a017 years old and then was ordained as a priest of<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-size: 1rem;\">\u00a0 the Foreign Mission on May 31, 1828.<\/span><\/p><p>Pallegoix left the Havre by ship on August 31, 1828 and arrived in Bangkok in mid-1830, during the reign of King Rama III, as a Roman Catholic missionary. Upon achieving sufficient Thai language proficiency, he became caretaker of the declining Catholic church in Ayutthaya as well as the Santa Cruz church in Thonburi where he oversaw the construction of a new church and performed its consecration on September 1, 1835. Later, he also oversaw the construction of the Conception Church and performed its consecration on May 24, 1837.<\/p><p>Pallegoix was appointed as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Siam under Bishop Courvezy in 1835 and later, on June 3, 1836, as Vicar Apostolic of Siam. Following his consecration, Pallegoix immediately began construction of the Holy Rosary Church in Talat Noi. Following this, he restored and expanded the old publishing house, the benefits of which were experienced even within the Cochinchina diocese due the house\u2019s use of Latin characters with tonal markers similar to those used within what is now Vietnam.<\/p><p>Pallegoix returned to France in 1853 alongside 2 Thais. There, he created a Thai-Latin-French-English dictionary as well as the book <em>Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam<\/em>. Following an audience with the Emperor Napoleon III and the Empress Eugenie de Montijo in 1855, he received approval to publish the dictionary in the royal publishing house. Pallegoix then returned to Siam carrying gifts from the Pope and the French Emperor to the Thai king. He died on June 18, 1862 in Bangkok.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0103961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0103961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a417571\" data-id=\"a417571\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d5ff81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4d5ff81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"349\" height=\"565\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_3.jpg 349w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/img_about_section_3-185x300.jpg 185w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e07\u0e06\u0e23\u0e32\u0e0a\u0e1b\u0e32\u0e40\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e31\u0e27 \u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e41\u0e01\u0e49\u0e27\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e14\u0e47\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e22\u0e0a\u0e21\u0e16\u0e48\u0e32\u0e22\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e1b\u0e32\u0e23\u0e35\u0e2a \u0e40\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d \u0e1e.\u0e28. 2397<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15d0a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"15d0a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d5f31f elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d5f31f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a795b4\" data-id=\"4a795b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a5a83d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3a5a83d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"788\" height=\"1100\" src=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-page.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-page.jpg 788w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-page-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-page-734x1024.jpg 734w, https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/dlto-page-768x1072.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 788px) 100vw, 788px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u0e1e\u0e08\u0e19\u0e32\u0e19\u0e38\u0e01\u0e23\u0e21\u0e2a\u0e31\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e30\u0e08\u0e30\u0e19\u0e30\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e44\u0e17<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba7511e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ba7511e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f6b8ff\" data-id=\"7f6b8ff\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fde28c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fde28c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structure of the Dictionary<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716597d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716597d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p> <em>Dictionarium Linguae Thai<\/em> is a four-language dictionary containing Thai entries alongside Latin, French, and English translations, which are arranged into 5 columns. Entries are ordered alphabetically from A to Z according to the Romanization of the Thai word. For each entry, the first column contains the Thai word; the second column contains the pronunciation guide; the third column contains the Latin translation; the fourth column contains the French translation, and the fifth column contains the English translation. In total, there are 29,276 Thai words, with 12,584 main entries and 16,692 sub-entries.<\/p><p> If an entry is a phrase, saying, or compound word, it is divided into its components. For example, \u0e2d\u0e32\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e49\u0e33 is divided into \u0e2d\u0e32\u0e1a \u0e19\u0e49\u0e33. However, words containing several syllables are given without separating the syllables, such as \u0e42\u0e06\u0e29\u0e13\u0e32, \u0e2d\u0e30\u0e14\u0e34\u0e40\u0e23\u0e01, \u0e1b\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e27\u0e30, etc. Each page contains roughly 30-35 main and sub-entries ordered alphabetically (A-Z) by the Romanization, with a systemized pronunciation guide. Therefore, a term beginning with the letter \u0e2d will come before one beginning with \u0e1a (B); \u0e08 (Ch); \u0e14, \u0e0e (D); \u0e0a, \u0e09, \u0e0c (X); etc.<\/p><p> The ordering of words in <em>the dictionary<\/em>, as such, has been done according to pronunciation. This may prove strange for typical users of Thai dictionaries. However, for linguists and those with knowledge of the Thai sound system and phonetic transcription, Pallegroix\u2019s method if ordering words in <em>the dictionary<\/em> may, indeed, be rather interesting. In fact, it may be that he was the first linguist to systematically analyze the Thai sound system and its transcription according to their Romanizations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d1e311 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9d1e311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc0181b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc0181b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-42793ef\" data-id=\"42793ef\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2353056 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2353056\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pronunciations<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7e62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7e62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Each Thai word is accompanied by a Romanized pronunciation guide similar to the transcription system used by Alexandre de Rhode for Vietnamese. Theraphan Luangthongkum (1991) provides the following guide to the pronunciation system used in <em>the dictionary<\/em>:<\/p><p><strong>Tone symbols<\/strong>: Tone symbols may occur both above and below the vowel:<\/p><p>Mid tones are given with a symbol (i.e., \u0e15\u0e32 is written as TA and \u0e40\u0e17 as THE)<\/p><p>Low tones are given with the symbol \u2018 &#8211; \u2018 (i.e., \u0e41\u0e15\u0e01 is written as TE\u0308\u0304K, \u0e44\u0e15\u0e48 is written as TA\u0306\u0303I, and \u0e2d\u0e48\u0e27\u0e21 is written as U\u0303EM)<\/p><p>Falling tones are given with the symbol \u2018 \u0300\u2019 (i.e., \u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e22\u0e27 is written as THI\u0300AU, \u0e41\u0e15\u0e49\u0e21 is written as TE\u0308\u0300M, \u0e44\u0e2b\u0e27\u0e49 is written as VA\u0306\u0300I, and \u0e18\u0e39\u0e1b is written as THU\u0300B)<\/p><p>High tones are given with the symbol \u2018 . \u2018 (i.e., \u0e0a\u0e49\u0e32 is written as XA\u0323, \u0e41\u0e23\u0e49\u0e27 is written as RE\u0308\u0323O, \u0e17\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22 is written as THA\u0323I, \u0e44\u0e27\u0e49 is written as VA\u0306\u0323I)<\/p><p>Rising tones are given with the symbol \u2018 \u0301 \u2018 (i.e., \u0e16\u0e2d\u0e22 is written as THO\u0301I, \u0e16\u0e2d\u0e19 is written as THO\u0301N, \u0e44\u0e2b\u0e27 is written as VA\u0306\u0301I, \u0e42\u0e16 is written as THO\u0311\u0301)<\/p><p><strong>Consonant and vowel symbols<\/strong>: The consonant and vowel symbols used, aside from the letters A to Z, also include several diacritics. For example, a \u2018 \u0306 \u2018 above a vowel indicates that the vowel is short. The symbol \u2018 \u0311 \u2018 above the vowel \u2018O\u2019 indicates the Thai vowel \u0e42, and the symbol \u2018 \u0308 \u2019above \u2018E\u2019 signals the Thai vowel \u0e41.<\/p><p><strong>Vowel symbols<\/strong><\/p><table width=\"618\"><tbody><tr><td width=\"150\"><p><strong>Pallegoix\u2019s symbol<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p><strong>IPA Symbols<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p><strong>Thai Vowel Symbols<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p><strong>Example Words<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>I:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>i\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e34<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e15\u0e34<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>I\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>i<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e34<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e34\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>I<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>i\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e35<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e1b\u0e35, \u0e1b\u0e35\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>e\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e15\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>e<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e47<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e15\u0e47\u0e21<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>e\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e01, \u0e40\u0e25\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E\u0308<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u025b\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e41-\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e41\u0e01\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E\u0308\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u025b<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e41-\u0e47<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e41\u0e02\u0e47\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E\u0308<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u025b\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e41-<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e41\u0e01, \u0e41\u0e01\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01af:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026f\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e36<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e2d\u0e36<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>U\u0306:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026f<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e36<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e15\u0e36\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01af<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026f\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e37<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d, \u0e01\u0e25\u0e37\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01a0:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0264\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e2d\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e25\u0e2d\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01a0\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0264<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e34-\u0e47<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e48\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01a0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0264\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e2d, \u0e40-\u0e34<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e23\u0e2d, \u0e40\u0e14\u0e34\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>A:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>a\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>A\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>a<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e31<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e31\u0e14<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>A<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>a\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e32<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e32, \u0e01\u0e32\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>U:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>u\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e38<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e38<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>U\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>u<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e38<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e25\u0e38\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>U<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>u\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e39<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e2a\u0e39, \u0e2a\u0e39\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O\u0311:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>o\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e42-\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e42\u0e1b\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O\u0311\u0306:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>o<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e42-\u0e47<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e1b\u0e19, \u0e15\u0e01<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O\u0311<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>o\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e42-<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e42\u0e19, \u0e42\u0e19\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O:<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0254\u0294<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e32\u0e30<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e01\u0e32\u0e30<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O\u0306<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0254<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e47\u0e2d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e23\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0254\u02d0<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e2d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e23\u0e2d, \u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>IA<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ia<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e35\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e35\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>IE<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ia<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e35\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e15\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>IAU<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>iaw<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>U\u02c8A<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026fa<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e37\u0e2d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e23\u0e37\u0e2d, \u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UE, UO\u0300<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026fa<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e37\u0e2d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e14\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19, \u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e21<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UAI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u026faj<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e25\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UA<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ua<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e31\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UE<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ua<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e21\u0e27\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UAI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>uaj<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e21\u0e27\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>AI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>aj<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e44-<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e44\u0e01, \u0e44\u0e19<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>AI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>a\u02d0j<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e32\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>A\u0306O<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>aw<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e32<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e01\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>AO<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>a\u02d0w<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e32\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e01\u0e32\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>EO<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ew<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e25\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>O\u0311I<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>oj<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e42-\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e42\u0e23\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>OI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0254j<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e2d\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e23\u0e2d\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>IU<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>iw<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e34\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e23\u0e34\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>E\u0308O<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u025bw<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e41-\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e41\u0e23\u0e49\u0e27<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>\u01a0I<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0259i<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>\u0e40-\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e40\u0e25\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"150\"><p>UI<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>ui<\/p><\/td><td width=\"150\"><p>-\u0e38\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"167\"><p>\u0e25\u0e38\u0e22<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>Consonant symbols<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"156\"><p><strong>Pallegoix\u2019s symbol<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p><strong>IPA Symbol<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p><strong>Thai Consonant<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u0e23\u0e39\u0e1b\u0e1e\u0e22\u0e31\u0e0d\u0e0a\u0e19\u0e30)<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p><strong>Example Word<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>P<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>p<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1b<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1b\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>T<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>t<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e15, \u0e0f<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e15\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>CH<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>c<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e08<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e08\u0e48\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>K<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>k<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e01<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e01\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>PH<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>p<sup>h<\/sup><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1e, \u0e20, \u0e1c<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1e\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>TH<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>t<sup>h<\/sup><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e17, \u0e18, \u0e12, \u0e16, \u0e10<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e17\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>X<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>c<sup>h<\/sup><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e0a, \u0e0c, \u0e04<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e0a\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>KH<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>k<sup>h<\/sup><\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e02, \u0e03, \u0e04, \u0e05, \u0e06<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e02\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>B<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>b<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1a<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1a\u0e48\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>D<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e14<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e14\u0e48\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>M<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>m<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e21<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e21\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>N<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>n<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e19, \u0e13<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e19\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>NG<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>n<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e07<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e07\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>F<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>f<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1f, \u0e1d<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e1f\u0e49\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>S<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>s<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e0b, \u0e28, \u0e29, \u0e2a<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e0b\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>H<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>h<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e2e, \u0e2b<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e2e\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>V<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>w<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e27<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e27\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>L<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>l<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e25, \u0e2c<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e25\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>R<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>r<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e23<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e23\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"156\"><p>J<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>s<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e22<\/p><\/td><td width=\"156\"><p>\u0e22\u0e32<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>Even though the main word for each entry is a Thai word written in Thai script, entries are not ordered according to the Thai alphabet as they would be in a typical Thai dictionary. To search a word in the Dictionarium, users must search according to the Romanization of the Thai word, A-Z, a system that emphasizes pronunciation. Therefore, a word beginning with \u0e2d will be in the \u2018A\u2019 section, while words such as \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e47\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e19 and \u0e41\u0e2d\u0e48\u0e07 will be in the \u2018E\u2019 section, and words such as \u0e2d\u0e49\u0e2d \u0e42\u0e2d \u0e2d\u0e07\u0e04\u0e4c \u0e2d\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e22 and \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e48\u0e2d will be in the \u2018O\u2019 section.<\/p><p>As a brief guide, users of the dictionary may search words according to the following:<\/p><ol><li>Words beginning with \u0e2d and the vowels -\u0e30\/ -\u0e31 or -\u0e32 are under \u2018A\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e1a- are under \u2018B\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e08- are under \u2018C\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e2d- and the vowels \u0e40-\u0e30\/\u0e40-\u0e47 \u0e40- \u0e41-\u0e30\/\u0e41-\u0e47 \u0e40\u0e40- are under \u2018E\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e1d- and \u0e1f- are under \u2018F\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e2b- and \u0e2e- are under \u2018H\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e2d- and the vowels -\u0e34 or -\u0e35 are under \u2018I\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e22- \u0e2b\u0e22- and \u0e2d\u0e22- are under \u2018J\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e01- \u0e02- \u0e03- \u0e04- \u0e05- \u0e06- \u0e01\u0e25- \u0e01\u0e23- \u0e01\u0e27- \u0e04\u0e25- \u0e01\u0e23- \u0e04\u0e27- \u0e02\u0e25- \u0e02\u0e23- and \u0e02\u0e27- are under \u2018K\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e25- and \u0e2b\u0e25- are under \u2018L\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with &#8211; \u0e2b\u0e21- are under \u2018M\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e19- \u0e2b\u0e19- \u0e07- \u0e2b\u0e07- and \u0e13- are under \u2018N\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e2d- and the vowels \u0e40-\u0e32\u0e30 -\u0e2d \u0e42- \u0e42-\u0e30 \u0e42-\u0e22 -\u0e2d\u0e22 \u0e40-\u0e2d\u0e30 \u0e40-\u0e2d or \u0e40-\u0e22 are under \u2018O\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e1b- \u0e1c- \u0e1e- \u0e20- \u0e1b\u0e25- \u0e1b\u0e23- \u0e1e\u0e25- and \u0e1e\u0e23- are under \u2018P\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e23- \u0e2b\u0e23- and \u0e24- are under \u2018R\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e0b- \u0e28- \u0e29- \u0e2a- and \u0e17\u0e23- are under \u2018S\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e15- \u0e0f- \u0e15\u0e23- \u0e16- \u0e17- \u0e18- \u0e10- \u0e11- and \u0e12- are under \u2018T\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e2d- and the vowels -\u0e38 -\u0e39 -\u0e31\u0e27 -\u0e27 -\u0e27\u0e22 -\u0e38\u0e22 -\u0e36 -\u0e37 \u0e40-\u0e37\u0e2d or \u0e40-\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e22 are under \u2018U\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with \u0e27- and \u0e2b\u0e27- are under \u2018V\u2019<\/li><li>Words beginning with &#8211; \u0e0c- and \u0e09- are under \u2018X\u2019<\/li><\/ol><p>Within each letter group, the second letter further determines the order of the words. For example, within the group beginning with the letter \u2018T\u2019, those words beginning with the sound \u0e15\u0e30 will take the letter \u2018A\u2019 as their second letter, as \u2018A\u2019 is used in place of -\u0e30 -\u0e31 and -\u0e32. The vowels -\u0e38 -\u0e39 -\u0e36 and -\u0e37 are replaced by the letter \u2018U\u2019 and -\u0e38 -\u0e39 -\u0e36 and -\u0e37 are replaced by \u2018\u01af\u2019.<\/p><p>Finally, <em>the dictionary<\/em> employs one more special feature: Users may see a particular word in a phrase or saying within the Latin column (3rd from the left), as shown below:<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td width=\"84\"><p><strong>Term<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"90\"><p><strong>Pronunciation<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p><strong>Latin<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p><strong>French<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p><strong>English<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td width=\"84\"><p>\u0e01\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01<\/p><\/td><td width=\"90\"><p>KAXAK<\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p>Vitrahere, hine et illinc trahere.<\/p><p>\u2013 \u0e09\u0e27\u0e22 \u0e01\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01 \u0e40\u0e2d\u0e32\u0e44\u0e1b<\/p><p>Vi eripere.<\/p><p>\u2013 \u0e01\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e01 \u0e08\u0e32\u0e01 \u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d<\/p><p>Eruere de minibus.<\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p>Emmener de force, trainer \u00e7a et la\u0300.<\/p><p>\u2013 Enlever de force.<\/p><p>\u2013 Arracher des mains.<\/p><\/td><td width=\"142\"><p>To carry of by force, to drag about.<\/p><p>\u2013 To take away forcibly. \u2013 To tear out of a person\u2019s hands.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d3db4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d3db4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L-Thongkum, Theraphan. (1991). Making of Thai-Thai dictionaries: Past to Present (1846-1990).&nbsp;Bangkok: Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.<\/p>\n<p>Historical Archives, Archdiocese of Bangkok. (2015). Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. Retrieved on&nbsp; 10 January 2022. Retrieved from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/catholichaab.com\/main\/index.php\/2015-09-22-02-42-26\/biography\/2015-09-22-08-08-12\/445-baptiste-pallegoix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">https:\/\/catholichaab.com\/main\/index.php\/2015-09-22-02-42-26\/biography\/2015-09-22-08-08-12\/445-baptiste-pallegoix<\/span><\/a><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-868e6d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"868e6d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Background Published in France in1854 AD, the Dictionar [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/835"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=835"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1125,"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/835\/revisions\/1125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.arts.chula.ac.th\/chulaseal\/dlto\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}